31st March - Just War and Terrorism

Reading; Boyle Just War Doctrine and the Military Response to Terrorism

First, take some time to think about war and terrorism. What is war? Which (if any) wars do you think were/are just? What links them? What is terrorism? Is it possible to have a ‘war on terrorism’? Is terrorism ever the right thing?

1. What is Boyle’s main thesis (idea). Try and set it out as simply as you can as follows;

Premise A

Premise B

Premise C

Which all together lead to

Conclusion

Think about how the premises lead to the conclusion.

2. What kind of actions does Boyle take JWT (Just War Theory) to be evaluating? Is this too wide/narrow?

3. What is terrorism? What is its intent, and who does it harm, according to Boyle? Can you think of actions we call terrorism which don’t fit this bill?

4. What are Aquinas’ 3 conditions for just war? What are the reasons for each?

5. Why doesn’t the UN count as proper authority? What do you make of this claim?

6. Does Aquinas see just war as punitive? Why? What do you make of this? What does modern Catholic thought say? Why?

7. Why, according to Aquinas, does just war and proper authority alone not make a just war? Can you think of any cases like this?

8. Why/how does a just war aim at peace?

9. Do we have authority to make war on terrorists? What if such a war would involve border crossings?

10. Would a war against terrorism have to be to punitive, or could it be defensive?

11. What would be a just war aim against terrorism? What wouldn’t?

12. Does a just war have to be a last resort? What do you think?

References

Bristol's online tutorial for referencing;
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/referencing/referencing%20skills/index.htm

In particular look at either;
http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/referencing/referencing%20skills/page_06.htm

or

http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/referencing/referencing%20skills/page_24.htm
It doesnt matter in philosophy which you choose.

Should the tutorial prove tiresome, some info;

http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard.html

http://iskillzone.uwe.ac.uk/RenderPages/RenderConstellation.aspx?Context=10&Area=8&Room=25&Constellation=40

http://www.law.ox.ac.uk/publications/oscola.php
*Open the link to 'quick reference guide'*

24th March - Rousseau

Reading – Book One and Book Two of the Rousseau

Questions;

Book One

1. “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains”. What does R mean here? How are we in chains?

2. What is the general will?

3. What are R’s views on property? How do they compare to Locke’s?

Book Two

4. Under what circumstances can the general will appear to go bad? What do you think of this argument?

5. How does the sovereign entail equality?

6. Why do we need laws of justice?

7. Who makes the laws? (The answer is in the middle of pg 303 – but what does R mean by this?)

Can laws be unjust?

8. What qualities should the legislator have? Is this realistic?

9. What methods can the legislator use? (See pg 304) Why?

10. What should be the goals of every system of legislation? What do you make of this claim?

17th March - Aristotle

Reading:

Please read Book Two of the Aristotle, and read the Louden. You dont need to read the Nussbaum.

Questions;

Aristotle
1. In chaphter one he says moral good is the child of what? Why?
2. In chaphter two (esp pg 148) he first offers the doctrine of the mean. What is the arugment here? What do you think of it?
3. In chaphter 4 he defends himself against a circularity charge. What is the arugment put against Aristotle here? How does he think he can avoid it? Can you see the realtion between this arugment and some found in the Louden?
4. In chaphter 7 he talks more about the doctrine of the mean. What are his examples? Can you think of any counterexamples?


Louden
1. According to Louden (pg 227), how would a utilitarian define virtue? How about a denontological theorist?
2. What notion does Anscombe say we can do without in ethics? What do yoiu think of this claim? Does it make sense?
3. "The concept of the moral ought... seems now to be explicated in terms of what the good person would do". Read the arugment surronding this passage (pg 228). Should ought be defined in terms of virtues or virtues in terms of ought?
4. At the top of page 229, what does L claim is the central question for viertue ethics? Why is this supposed to be a problem for virtue ethics?
5. What is the 'tragic humans' objection? Do we punish otherwise good people who make mistakes? Why? Should we?
6. What is the charachter change objection? Can you think of any counterarugments? (Can a person change so much in their morals that they become a completely serprate person to who they were before? Would this line help the virtue ethicist?)
7. Wht claim it is sometimes "acts rather than agents which ought to be the primary focus of moral evaluation"? Is this right?
8. Look at the arugment in the middle of the first coloum on og 232. What is the externalist claim? Do our actions define us?
9. What is the 'direct internalist route' on pg 232? Why (according to L) wont it work? If niether the externalist or internalist route works, what does this mean for virtue ethics?
10. Why does L claim that virtue ethics is concerned with "style over substance'? What does he mean? Is it what you do or how you do it that matters?
11. At the bottom of page 11 he claims "things have gotten more complex". What rests on this claim? Do you agree?

10th March - Locke

Reading;
2nd Treatise, Book II, Chaphters 1 - 5

Questions;

1. In section 6 Locke give us the law which governs the state of nature. What is that law?
What is the arugment for it?

2. In that state of nature, who has the right to punish people who break this law? What do you think of this claim?

3. According to the arugments found on page 11, can we punish an alien for breaking the laws of a country he/she visits? Why?

4. What is the state of war? According to pg 16, how do we avoid it?
What do you have the right to do to a man who "makes war upon [you]"? Why?

5. According to page 15, section 19, what can I do to a theif? Why? Are you convinced by this arugment?

6. God gives "the world to men in common" yet we have individual property which "does not depend on the express consent of all commoners". What is Locke's arugment for this? What do you think of the arugment?

7. According to arugments around the bottome of page 20, when does our claim to property end? Do you think is right? Can you think of any counterexamples?

8. Locke claims re: land that there is "more than the yet unprovided could use'? Is this true? Is it true of all natural resources, eg/fossil fuels? How does this affect Locke's arugment?

9. Locke claims that "it is labour indeed that puts the difference of vaule on everything'. Why does he think this? Can you think of anything which we place great vaule on which takes relatively little labour to produce?

10. If labour puts the difference of vaule on things, then why, according to the arugments on pg 28 and 29, do we place high vaule on diamonds/gold/money? What do you think of these arugments?